The most common diseases undoubtedly fall under the general heading of ‘Scours’ and ‘Pneumonia’. It is fair to say that neither of these disease complexes can be considered as straightforward and predictable. The calves are frequently infected by the organisms known to be associated with scours or pneumonia and yet will show no clinical symptoms of the disease. Equally, buffalo calf may incubate pathogenic organisms for days or weeks without harm and then suddenly as a result of environmental stress, fall sick. These important diseases are best considered as a complex interaction between the host, parasite and the environment. Here the host is buffalo calf, the parasite may be one or more of a whole range of micro-organisms and the environment may include anything that may affect the magnitude defense against that challenge (Webster, 1984).

Summary of common ailments of buffalo calves

1. Calf Pneumonia/Enzootic bronchitis
2. Diarrhoea/calf scours/enteritis
3. Constipation
4. Navel-ill
5. Ectoparasites(Lice/Ticks/mites)
6. Endoparasites(Round worms, tape worms, lung worms, strongyles,)
7. Tympany/Bloat
8. Anemia
9. Hypomagnesemia
10. Lead poisoning

1. Name of Disease/disorder : Calf Pneumonia/Enzootic bronchitis

• Symptoms

Ø  Pyrexia/High fever

Ø  Thin/watery/thick/purulent nasal discharge

Ø  Discharge from the eyes

Ø  Dry hacking cough particularly notable on exercise or pinching the trachea

Ø  Diarrhea may be an associated symptom

• Causes

Ø  Over crowding

Ø  Poor ventilation and large diurnal variations in calf house

Ø  temperature and relative humidity

Ø  Exposure to cold drafts, wet floors

Ø  Wet bedding or no bedding

Ø     Pneumonia caused by infectious agents like Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Parainfluenza virus, herpesvirus, Mycoplasma, etc. may also spread by contact with infected animal

• Prevention and control

Ø  Provide adequate bedded area per calf and avoid overcrowding

Ø  Ensure proper ventilation

Ø  Replace bedding regularly, protect young calves from cold drafts and maintain all round hygiene in the pens/stalls

Ø  Feed milk/skim milk at proper temperature

Ø  Ensure adequate colostrum feeding to young calves. It will help them to develop adequate resistance

Ø  Isolate the affected calves, provide them ideal conditions and treat them with suitable antibiotics under veterinary supervision

2. Name of Disease/disorder : Diarrhoea/calf scours/enteritis

•                        Symptoms

Ø  Acute profuse watery diarrhoea, progressive dehydration and acidosis and death in a few days or earlier after the onset

•   Causes

Ø  Low level of serum immunoglobulin following insufficient intake of colostrum

Ø  Abrupt changes in feeding schedule

Ø  Feeding of milk in unclean pails

Ø  Sudden change in weather, wet windy and cold weather may expose calves to diarrhoea

Ø  Unsanitary keeping conditions and deficiency of minerals may also precipitate diarrhoea on set

Ø  Drinking unclean water

Ø  Feeding less digestive feedstuffs, poor quality calf starters

Diarrhoea caused by infectious agents like rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli, Salmonella and Cryptosporidium also spreads by contact with infected animals

• Prevention and control

Ø  Ensure adequate colostrum feeding to ensure proper building of resistance in young calves

Ø  Reduce exposure to inclement weather conditions, and wet and dirty floors

Ø  Clean the feeding utensils thoroughly after each feeding and keep them in inverted position

Ø  Ensure that the milk/skim milk fed to calves is hygienically kept and is at body temperature

Ø  All the affected calves should be isolated and treated with oral/parenteral fluid therapy

Ø  Salmonella induced diarrhoea/enteritis should be treated with oral administration of nitrofurazone 20 mg/kg bw X 5 days or with trimethoprim and sulphadoxin

3. Name of Disease/disorder : Constipation

• Symptoms

Ø  The act of defecation is usually difficult and accompanied by much straining

Ø  Feces are dry, hard and of small bulk and are passed at infrequent intervals

• Causes

Ø  Poor/no feeding of colostrum

Ø  Early inclusion of dry fodders in feeding of young calves

Ø  Improper watering schedule

• Prevention and control

Ø  Ensure proper feeding of colostrum to young calves. Feed the young calves with adequate quantity of milk

Ø  Incorporate quality green fodders in calf feeding regime

Ø  Feed the calves with salt/mineral supplements and ensure access to clean drinking water

Ø  Feeding 30-50g of castor oil to calves is effective against constipation

4. Name of Disease/disorder : Navel-ill

• Symptoms

Ø  Mortality rate is high and in acute cases death is rapid, with no specific symptoms

Ø  In less acute cases, there is usually some swelling of the navel, with abscess formation, or the infection may spread to the liver with more serious effects

Ø  Loss of appetite, slightly elevated temperature and prostration

Ø  Hock and knee joints usually become swollen and painful

• Causes

Ø  Insanitary keeping conditions

Ø  No dressing/improper dressing of navel

Ø  Use of unhygienic knife/blade for cutting the navel cord

Ø  Exposure to wet floors

Ø  Sucking of navel cord by other group mates

Ø  of the PLV (psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum) group and a species of Mycoplasma may be involved

• Prevention and control

Ø  Use sterilized scissors/new blade for cutting the navel cord

Ø  Do proper dressings of navel cord. Squeeze the fluid from the cord and dip in a suitable antiseptic solution (tincture iodine). Insert a cotton swab soaked in antiseptic and ligate the distal end with clean thread

Ø  In case of external injury to the cord, do regular dressing

Ø  Provide clean and dry floors to the young calves. Bedded or raised platforms prove better

5. Name of Disease/disorder : Ectoparasites(Lice/Ticks/mites)

• Symptoms

Ø  Excitement, itching, irritation, abscesses on skin

• Causes

Ø  Hot and humid living conditions

Ø  Unclean animal and surroundings

Ø  Overcrowding and indoor housing

Ø  Contact of infested animals, building and pasture

• Prevention and control

Ø  Keep the animal, shed and surroundings clean

Ø  Wash and groom the animals regularly

Ø  Inspect the animals especially the hidden parts regularly and spray them as soon as lice/ticks are noticed

Ø  Isolate the affected animals and treat them separately

Ø  Apply sulphur mixed in coconut/peanut oil (3:1)

Ø  Spray the animals with suitable insecticides at periodic interval

Ø  In serious cases inject the animals with suitable preparations like ivermectin

Ø  Supplement minerals in the diet

6. Name of Disease/disorder : Endoparasites(Round worms, tape worms, lung worms, strongyles,)

• Symptoms

Ø  Listlessness, diarrhoea, blood-tinged stools, distended abdomen, bottle jaw, etc.

• Causes

Ø  Unhealthy keeping conditions

Ø  Under nutrition/malnutrition leading to mineral deficiency and lower resistance

Ø  Contact with infested animal water supply, pasture or fecal material

Ø  Intermediate hosts like flies, ticks, etc. also help their spread

Ø  Ingestion of soil, licking of walls, gates, infested floors, etc.

• Prevention and control

Ø  Keep the pens and premises clean and dry, remove dung and store in a compost pit at a safe distance; composting kills the parasites and their eggs

Ø  Ensure clean drinking water

Ø  If grazing is practiced then maintain grazing rotation and practice periodic burning of pastures

Ø  Have a fecal sample tested in a laboratory and follow recommended medication or else use broad spectrum anthelmintic preparations

Ø  Follow the deworming schedule for young calves strictly. Deworm them at 2 weeks, and thereafter at monthly interval upto 6 months

Ø  Deworm older calves every 3 months. Two deworming one each before and after rainy season are of vital significance in northern India

Ø  If coccidiosis is suspected, give recommended doses of sulphamethazine/sulphadimidine

7. Name of Disease/disorder : Tympany/Bloat

• Symptoms

Ø  Excessive gas production in the reticulo-rumen of calves with subsequent distension of stomach

Ø  Abomasal bloat would typically be observed as severe distention on the right side of the animal while ruminal bloat results in distention of the left flank.

• Causes

Ø  Intersuckling

Ø  Feeding unclean milk

Ø  Feeding high quantity of starch rich concentrates

Ø  Feeding young berseem/Lucerne/oats soaked in dew

Ø  Sudden change in feeding

• Prevention and control

Ø  Maintain proper hygienic conditions in the pens/stalls

Ø  Avoid abrupt changes in feeding schedule

Ø  Avoid sole feeding of lush fodders and starch rich concentrates

Ø  Don’t feed spoilt/unclean milk

Ø  Administer 200-250 ml castor/coconut oil orally

Ø  Apply side or lifting pressure to the stomach to expel the gas

Ø  Insert a rubber tube into the stomach orally to expel the gas

Ø  In extreme cases, puncture the rumen in left side using 14/16 gauge needle or a trocar and cannula under veterinary supervision

• Symptoms

Ø  Anorexia, pallor of the mucosae, muscular weakness and depression, increased heart rate

• Causes

Ø  Excessive loss of blood by hemorrhage, or by increased destruction or the inefficient production of erythrocytes

Ø  Poor nutrition management

Ø  Poor body condition of dam during advanced gestation period

Ø  Inadequate nutrient and colostrum intake

Ø  Diarrhoea and disease

• Prevention and control

Ø  Ensure adequate colostrum intake soon after birth

Ø  Provide proper nutrition to young calves in the form of milk and good quality concentrates (calf starter)

Ø  Examination for infectious diseases

Ø  Injection of iron dextrin (150 mg) and vitamin A, B & E is effective in preventing anemia in young calves

9. Name of Disease/disorder : Hypomagnesemia

• Symptoms

Ø  Hyperexcitement, retraction of the head, white of the eyes apparent dueto upward rotation of eyeballs, continual movement of ears, inco-ordination of gait, convulsions, loss of urination and defecation control

• Causes

Ø  Poor nutrition management

Ø  Calves being fed on milk only

Ø  Chronic scours

• Prevention and control

Ø  I/v administration of 100 ml of solution containing 14 g calcium borogluconate and 3.6 ml magnesium lactate followed by 14 g magnesim sulphate in 50 ml water by s/c route, followed by 10-15 g magnesium oxide PO, daily

Ø  Supplementation of the diet with hay and concentrate or by addition of 5g magnesium oxide or 8g magnesium carbonate

10. Name of Disease/disorder : Lead poisoning

• Symptoms

Ø  A time lag of several days may occur before the onset of symptoms, the animal then dying within a few hours

Ø  In less acute cases, the calf is dull and dejected, has no appetite, sunken eyes, abdominal pain

Ø  Calf becomes greatly excited attempting to push against the walls of its pen, appears to be blind and staggers around with rolling eyes and frothing mouth. After collapse, muscular spasms and tetany occur before death

• Causes

Ø  Licking of painted woodwork and metalwork, discarded paint tins, old lead plates from batteries, painted tarpaulins and vegetation sprayed with lead chemicals

• Prevention and control

Ø  No treatment in acute cases

Ø  In subacute cases, calcium versenate (25%) twice a day by i/v or s/c route x 6 days + saline solution helps to alleviate nervous symptoms

Ø  Magnesium sulphate is also helpful

contributed by Dr N. Rana ,Dr Ashok Boora and Sunesh

Birth

•  Cleaning of calf
•  Ligation of navel cord
•  Protective measures against cold
•  Hoof trimming
•  Feeding of colostrum @ of 10% of calf’s body weight on day zero with about 500 ml being fed within 30 minutes of its birth without waiting for the expulsion of placenta. The remaining volume to be divided in four parts and given at an interval of six hours
•  Check for the passage of meconium

Week 1-2

• Feeding of colostrum/transition milk to be continued @ 1-1½ kg per day in two-three divided doses from 2^nd day onwards for 3-4 days for protection against calf scours and pneumonia
• Deworming on day 7 with piperazine hydrate @ 3g/10kg body weight mixed in feed or water for protection against ascariasis after withdrawing feed and water for 12 hrs prior to administration
• Protection against cold or heat stress
• Dehorning as soon as horn button is visible
• Identification mark using tattooing or ear implantable RFID microchip/transponder

Week 3-4

•  Feeding whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body weight. The milk and water in two divided doses given in morning and evening.
• Repeat deworming with piperazine hydrate at 3 weeks of age
•  Feeding of small amount of crushed grains
•  Addition of 5-10 g mineral mixture to concentrate, once a week

Week 5-2 months

•  Continue feeding of whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body weight
•  Removal of extra teats before 6 weeks of age
•  Showering of water twice a day during hot days
•  Provision of drinking water ad libitum

2-3 months

•  Stoppage of milk feeding at 3 months of age
•  Provide green fodder @ 0.1-0.4 kg per day
•  Deworming with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@ 20-30 ml/100 kg at 2 and 3 months of age
•  Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 5mg kg-1 and 35 mg kg-1 in feed for 15-20 days are good coccidiostats
•  Showering of water, twice daily, during summer season
• Provision of drinking water ad libitum

4^th-6^th month

•  Vaccination against FMD, HS and BQ at 4 months of age
• Deworming with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@ 20-30 ml/100 kg at 5 months of age
• Examination for coccidiosis/Eimeria spp. oocysts at 4^th, 5^th and 6^th months of age and administration of amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg^-1 and 140 mg kg^-1 respectively, orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection
•  Screening for brucellosis and vaccination of serologically negative female calves at 6 months of age

7^th-12^th month

•   Feed green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate and mineral mixture @ 10 kg, 0.5 kg, 1-1.5 kg and 25-30 g per day
•   Deworming with ivermectin oral liquid @ 200 mg/kg body weight at 7 months of age
•   Regular examination for coccidiosis  and administration of Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg^-1 and 140 mg kg^-1 respectively orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection
•  Booster of FMD, HS and BQ vaccines at 9 months of age

 contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh

Winters

• Bedding should be provided to calves in winters. Deep straw bedding allows the calf to create a nest to help reduce heat loss and exposure to drafts.
• In severe winter, it is essential to protect the calves from cold draft especially for five days after birth. The air movement at calf height should not exceed 0.25 metres per sec to avoid the risk of chilling draughts.
• Calves require additional energy to maintain their body temperature and grow. This increased energy requirement can be met by supplying the calf with an increased volume of liquid milk.
• Feeding 3 times per day under severe conditions to prevent digestive upset. Offering warm water at least once a day during winter months will help to cope up with winter stress.
• If calves appear to be showing signs of hypothermia (depression, weakness, loss of appetite, abnormally cold extremities), they should be kept in closed room with adequate ventilation and body covers is sufficient. Warm blankets may be used to make the calf comfortable. Adequate ventilation to prevent moisture and carbon-dioxide build-up is necessary.
• Incidence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection as well as mange is high during the month of January.
• In case of infestation, application of ivermectin @ 0.2 mg per kg or 1 ml per 50 kg b. wt. gives satisfactory results. Alternatively, repeated dipping of animals and spraying of infected premises with common acaricides like cypermethrin or amitraz is also helpful.

Summers

•  Construction and ventilation system of calf barn should be done by keeping the geographical location and the pattern of maximum and minimum temperature of that area in mind.
• Environmental comfort zone for calves should range from 10-21°C. If the environmental temperature of the calf barn goes above the upper limit of the comfort zone, productivity will fall progressively.
• Provision should be made to make plenty of clean drinking water available. An effective fly control mechanism should also be put in place.

Monsoon/Rainy Season

• Due to increased problems of parasitic diseases (gastrointestinal parasites: Strongyloides spp. infection), ticks and tick borne diseases (Eimeria spp.)  increase manifolds in the animals) during the months of July. Therefore regular and repeated application of new generation acaricides is useful.
• Pour on flumethrin (1% sol) @ 1 ml/10kg evenly from front of shoulder to base of tail along midline of the back.
• However, after application of acaricides, the calves should be kept in shade for few days.
• Crevices and cracks in the walls which are the major hide-outs for ticks should be sprayed with acaricides.

contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh

The most common infectious ailments of neonatal buffalo calves are calf diarrhoea/enteritis (calf scours), navel-ill and pneumonia against which there are no vaccines available. These diseases are prevented through optimal hygienic measures especially up to first three months of age. Once the calf switches over to solid feeds usually there are less chances for the occurrence of calf scours. Common infectious diseases against which buffalo calves need vaccination are FMD, HS and BQ, however, depending upon the endemicity or in the event of outbreak of an infectious disease recourse to vaccination against other diseases might need to be adopted.

The calves introduced from villages are required to be kept in quarantine/isolation for some time, deworming and vaccinations given before they mix with the existing stock. A close watch on the epidemics occurring in the neighbouring areas should be maintained and the preventive measures be made effective accordingly.

 General precautions during vaccination

• The vaccine vial should always be shaken vigorously before drawing the contents, otherwise administration of concentrated dose in some animals may cause persistent swelling
• If hypersensitivity reaction occurs (in rare instances) antihistaminics should be administered immediately
• Used vials should always be disposed off hygienically
• Avoid freezing vaccines and keep at 2-8C Keep Brucella vaccine at -20C while keep reconstituted vaccine on ice only
• Vaccinator should take precautions to avoid accidental inoculation

contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh

Vaccination schedule for buffaloes is given below

Infection	Manufacturer	Ingredients/adjuvant	Dose		Primary	Booster	Revaccination
FMD
Bovilis®Clovax	Intervet India	Binary ethyleneimine (BEI) inactivated FMD mineral oil emulsion vaccine containing a mixture of virus serotypes O, A and Asia-1	2ml, i/m (Vial: 100 ml)	3 months onwards		I After 4-6 weeks of primary vaccination II After 24 weeks of first booster	Every 44-48 weeks after 2ndbooster vaccination
Raksha	Indian Immunologicals	Inactivated tissue culture FMD virus strains O, A and Asia-1 adsorbed on Al (OH)3gel and saponin as an adjuvant	3 ml in the mid-neck region, s/c (Vial: 30 ml)	4 months		2-4 weeks after primary vaccination	Every 6 months after booster and every 4 months in endemic areas
Raksha Ovac	-do-	Inactivated tissue culture FMD virus strains O, A, and Asia-1 adjuvanted with mineral oil	2 ml  in the  mid-neck region, deep i/m	4 months		9 months after primary vaccination	Annually
Haemorrhagic Septicemia (Galghotu/Ghurrka)
Raksha HS	Indian Immunologicals	Formaldehyde inactivated culture ofPasteurella multocidaadsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel	2 ml, mid-neck region, s/c (Vial:100 ml)		6 months and above	Annually and in adverse climatic conditions like unseasonal rains and cyclones, etc.
Compound Vaccines of FMD/HS/BQ
Raksha biovac (FMD+HS)	Indian Immunologicals	FMD inactivated antigens against O, A, and Asia-1 strains and formaldehyde inactivated Pasteurella multocida culture mixed together in light mineral oil emulsion	3 ml, midneck, deep i/m (Vial: 30 ml)		4 months	9 months		Annually
Raksha triovac (FMD+HS+BQ)	-do-	FMD inactivated antigens against O, A, Asia-1 and formaldehyde inactivated Pasteurella multocida culture, inactivated Clostridium chauvoei culture mixed together in light mineral oil emulsion	3 ml, mid-neck, deep i/m (Vial: 30 ml)		4 months	9 months		Annually
Raksha HS+BQ	-do-	Formaldehyde inactivated cultures of Pasteurella multocidaand Clostridium chauvoei adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel	3 ml, mid-neck region, s/c (Vial: 90 ml)		6 months and above	Annually and in  adverse climatic conditions like unseasonal rains and cyclones, etc.
Brucellosis
Bruvax	Indian Immunologicals	Live Brucella abortusstrain 19 freeze dried bacteria, each dose ≥ 40×109 organisms	2 ml., s/c (Vial: 5 dose freeze dried vaccine with 10 ml sterile diluent)		4-8 months old serologically negative female calves
Note:Only serologically negative female calves should be vaccinated with live B. abortus strain 19 while bulls and pregnant animals should not be vaccinated
Depending upon prevalence in a given area, vaccination against following diseases may also be taken up Anthrax
Raksha-Anthrax (Prophylactic only)	Indian Immunologicals	Suspension of live spores of attenuated non-capsulated strain of B. anthracis in 50% glycerinated saline, each dose ≥ 1×108 viable spores	1 ml, i/m or s/c (Vial: 50 ml)		one month before grazing season or prior to the time the disease usually occurs
Note:  Protect animals from overexertion 3 days following vaccination. Do not vaccinate the animal 60 days before slaughter
Sterne Vaccine	Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Tamil Nadu	**Live spores of highly antigenic nonencapsulated avirulent Sterne strain (34 F2) of B. anthracis in glycerine saline	1 ml, s/c		Approx. 4 weeks prior to the time the disease usually appears	Revaccinate after 2-3 weeks in heavily contaminated areas			annual vaccination in endemic areas
Note:  Use boiled milk from lactating animals up to 1 month after vaccination, do not vaccinate within 42 days before slaughter, do not give antibiotics to animals being vaccinated; burn, autoclave or chemically disinfect container and all unused contents; adrenalin should be administered immediately if anaphylactoid reaction occurs, immunity 6m-1year
Rabies
Raksharab, Prophylactic	Indian Immunologicals	***Tissue culture rabies virus, CVS strain adjuvanted with Al(OH)3 adjuvant, antigen potency >2.5 IU/ml	1 ml by s/c or i/m route (Vial: 1 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml)		3 m and above	In case primary vaccination is given below 3 months of age, a booster dose should be given at 3 months age			3 years, annual vaccination recommended in endemic areas
Post-exposure therapy (PET)		I-Day Zero of dog bite or  within 24 hrs, II-Day 3, III-Day 7, IV-Day 14, V- Day 28 and VI-Day 90
Note:  Vaccinate only healthy animals; malnutrition, helminth infestation, administration of immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids, radiation therapy, etc. will suppress immune response to vaccine; generally no adverse reactions are noticed, occasionally a transient, palpable nodule may occur at the site of injection; in rare cases hypersensitivity may occur, immediate treatment with antihistaminics is advocated

 contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh  

The farmers in field usually do not follow any recommended schedule for deworming. Most of them resort to deworming only when the calf is off-feed or when worms are observed in the faeces. The farmers are required to understand the importance of deworming and follow a recommended schedule for same.

Three most common endoparasitic problems of buffalo calves are ascariasis, strongyloidosis coccidiosis and ectoparasites.

Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Ascariasis	The calves with ascariasis remain unthrifty and pass large load of worms in the faeces at periodic intervals. The calves may show convulsions and indigestion as main symptoms and normally pass foul smelling clay colored or watery feces. A characteristic butyric odour may also be detectable in their breath.	Piperazine compounds provide prophylaxis towards all the round worms effectively including Neoascaris. Piperazine hydrate (56.3% w/v) is administered right from day 3 @ 3-6 ml per 10 kg body weight.   Micronised albendazole powder 5-10 mg/kg bw per oral may also be given. Second dose is to be given after 21 days. For the first year repeat doses every two months but rotate drug every 2nd or 3rd dose. Thereafter, dosage is to be given thrice a year. Levamisole (7.5 mg/kg per oral) is another drug of choice. The treatment is repeated every month for first three months and thereafter every two months.
Strongyloidosis	Intermittent diarrhoea with blood and mucus is a common feature. Build-up of warm and moist areas should be prevented inside shed.	Thiabendazole, levamisole and other broad-spectrum anthelmintics are effective.
Coccidiosis	There may be sudden onset of severe diarhoea with foul smelling, fluid feces containing mucus and blood. Blood may appear as dark tarry staining of feces or as streaks of clots, or the evacuation may consist entirely of large clots of fresh red blood. Perineum and tail are commonly smeared with blood stained feces. There is a characteristic severe straining and sometimes rectal prolapse may occur.	Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1 and 140 mg kg-1respectively orally daily for 3-5 days are useful. Same drugs @ 5mg kg-1 and 35 mg kg-1 in feed for 15-20 days are good for prophylaxis. Coccidiosis treatment with sulpha drugs and other coccidiostats is required only when the fecal examination reveals presence of coccidia.
Ectoparasites	Excitement, itching, irritation, abscesses on skin	Cypermethrin (100mg/lit) need to be sprayed on calves and in the paddock. The dosage for ticks, mites and lice is 1 ml/lit of water; for flies is 5 ml/lit of water and for animal housing is 20 ml/lit of water (5 lit of emulsion per 100 sq met surface). This should be sprayed thrice in a year.

 contributed by N. Rana and Sunesh